Word-for-Word

Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.

Examples:

Tsu : Look, little guy, you-all shouldn’t be doing that.
Tsa : *Lihat, kecil anak, kamu semua harus tidak melakukan ini.

Tsu : I like that clever student.
Tsa : *Saya menyukai itu pintar anak.

Tsu : I will go to New York tomorrow.
Tsa : Saya akan pergi ke New York besok.

Tsu : Joanne gave me two tickects yesterday.
Tsa : Joanne memberi saya dua tiket kemarin.

Literal translation

Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.

Examples:

Tsu : Look, little guy, you-all shouldn’t be doing that.
Tsa : Lihat, anak kecil, kamu semua seharusnya tidak berbuat seperti itu.

Tsu : It’s raining cats and dogs.
Tsa : Hujan kucing dan anjing.

Tsu : His hearth is in the right place.
Tsa : Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar

Tsu : The Sooner or the later the weather will change.
Tsa : Lebih cepat atau lebih lambat cuaca akan berubah.

Faithful translation

Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.

Examples:

Tsu : Ben is too well aware that he is naughty.
Tsa : Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal.

Tsu : I have quite a few friends.
Tsa : Saya mempunyai samasekali tidak banyak teman.

Semantic Translation

Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.

Example:

Tsu : He is a book-worm.
Tsa  : *Dia (laki-laki) adalah seorang yang suka sekali membaca.

Adaptation

Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.

Example:

SL :hey, Jude don’t make it bad   Take a sad song and make it better   Remember to let her into your heart   Then you can start to make it better. (Hey Jude-The Beatles, 196)

TL :kasih, dimanakah mengapa kau tinggalkan aku     Ingat-ingatlah kau padaku     Janji setiamu tak kan lupa.

Free Translation

Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.

Example:  

SL: The flowers in the garden.

TL: Bunga-bunga yang tumbuh di kebun.

Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.

Examples:  

I don't have my eye on you = I don’t remember you

I don't have my eye on you = I’m already to go

Communicative Translation

Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership

Example:  

Tsu : Beware of the dog.  

Tsa : Awas anjing galak.

I SEE the hard of the sun in your ice storm Slept yet to your dream's desire Make it in a flame, I dont want my frozen hands.

I FEEL the wound of the land in your voice line Stay being wished by my dream's desire, Weaving away, I love my frozen hands.